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Account of the successful search for the basic constituent of matter
Posted:
Nov 5, 2009 5:00 AM
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THE FASCINATING SEARCH FOR THE BASIC CONSTITUENT OF MATTER
For over half a century physicists have smashed the nucleus of the atom in search of the basic constituent of matter. What is the score so far? They have found only unstable elementary particles with half-life of split second. The basic constituent must not only be stable but nondestructive; otherwise, our universe would have collapsed a long time ago. On the contrary, it has not only existed for 8 billion years but also evolved to higher order. Just look at the biological laws that we now enjoy. They were non-existent a couple of billion years after the Big Bang for there were no biological species then to reveal them.
Now, where is this atom-smashing leading to? The prospects are not bright. As the energy of the collider is raised more elementary particles are produced all right but they all disappear in split second. In fact, nothing appears nondestructible in the nucleus of the atom. This is the time to pause and change gears. Let us look at the present methodology of physics, quantitative modeling (formerly called mathematical modeling) that describes the appearances of nature mathematically its main tools being computation and measurement. This methodology has limitations for it cannot describe the very small or the unobservable such as latent energy. In fact, this is the reason it has left long standing problems unsolved, e.g., gravitational n-body and turbulence problems, and fundamental questions unanswered, e.g., what the basic constituent of matter and structure of the electron are.
Our remedy is the introduction of qualitative or non-quantitative modeling that explains nature and its appearances in terms of its laws. It goes much deeper than description of appearances by explaining the internal dynamics and interactions of a physical system. We include under physical systems all motions of matter including cosmic wave which is synchronized vibration of the medium. We shall find out what that medium is. Our strategy is to identify what we consider the most fundamental law of nature and proceed to find others consistent with it and if there is some phenomenon that appears to contradict it we find another natural law that reconciles them. This is always possible under our premise that there is order in our universe.
Our choice for the fundamental law is the first law of thermodynamics which has a long history of applications and, therefore, verification. However, this is partial for it does not take latent energy into account. Therefore, we enrich and modify it as follows:
Energy Conservation. In any physical system and its interactions, the sum of kinetic and latent energy is constant, gain of energy is maximal and loss of energy minimal.
Then we notice from our experience that there are universal configurations and motions of matter. They are universal because they are optimizing with respect to the accumulation or disposition of energy. Therefore, they are expressions of energy conservation. We capture it in the next natural law.
Energy Conservation Equivalence. Energy conservation has other forms: order, symmetry, economy, least action, optimality, efficiency, stability, replicative-self-similarity (fractal), coherence, resonance, quantization, smoothness, uniformity, motion-symmetry balance, non-redundancy, non-extravagance, evolution to infinitesimal configuration, helical and related configuration, e.g., circular, helical, spiral and sinusoidal and, in biology, genetic encoding, reproduction and order in diversity and complexity of function, configuration and capability.
Non-redundancy means that nature does not create another physical system with the same functions. The so-called third quark in the nucleus of an atom outside the proton discovered in 2004 joins two positive quarks, one from each of two protons; the negative quark joins the two positive quarks from the same proton. They do the same functions; therefore, they must be the same negative quark but in different places in the nucleus. This is an example of how qualitative mathematics solves physical problems without computation using natural laws alone. This is how we shall determine the structure of the superstring, primum (elementary particle), etc.
Observation through the Hubble says that matter steadily forms in the Cosmos first as cosmic dust that gets entangled in cosmological vortices then it collects around their eyes at the rate of one star per minute. In fact, there are ?star nests? in the Cosmos that release stars rapidly [26,27]. Recently, Sky Cable BBC reported a baby galaxy (at its nascent phase). By energy conservation what appears as empty vacuum in the Cosmos is filled with matter that is not observable with present technology. Thus, we have this natural law.
Existence of Two Fundamental States of Matter. There exist two fundamental states of matter: visible and dark; the former is directly observable, the latter is not.
Our medium for observation is light and the reason for our failure to observe dark matter is it consists of pieces of matter of sizes finer than the finest wavelength of visible light which is of order of magnitude 10^(-14) meters. The appearance of matter in the Cosmos is due to conversion of dark to visible matter. With the existence of dark matter verified we can now ask this legitimate question: what does dark matter consist of? The answer: the superstring. For now it is just a name but we shall endow it with structure and properies as soon as we discover enough natural laws. First, we introduce physical concepts some of which tentative pending the discovery of the appropriate natural laws that well define them.
ENERGY is motion of matter; therefore, matter and energy are inseparable and neither pure energy nor pure matter exists. FLUX is motion of matter with identifiable direction at every point, e.g., water current. CHAOS is mixture of order none of which is identifiable, e.g., the onset of tropical cyclone on tropical depression. The immensity of colliding atoms makes it impossible to monitor or predict the trajectory of every atom but each atom is subject to the laws of natur (order). Every physical system vibrates due to the impact of cosmic waves coming from all directions in the Cosmos. Basic cosmic or electromagnetic waves are generated by the normal vibration of atomic nuclei and propagated in all directions across dark matter. We introduce the next natural law needed for the discovery of the superstring but also crucial for the study of earthly turbulence like typhoon and tornado.
Flux-Low-Pressure Complementarity. Low pressure sucks matter around it and the initial chaotic rush of matter towards low pressure stabilizes into coherent (stable) flux; conversely, coherent flux induces low pressure around it.
The only possible force in the Cosmos that can possibly destroy a superstring is the energetic cosmic wave because it resonates with it, i.e., its size has the same order of magnitude as the wave length. Now, what configuration does the superstring have to make it non-destructible? It must have a generalized nested fractal sequence configuration [25]. This means that the superstring has a closed circular helical configuration (like s lady's spring bracelet), by energy conservation and energy conservation equivalnce (explained below) containing a superstring traveling through its helical cycles (its motion as matter) called toroidal flux or flux torus at the speed of 7 x 10^22 cm/sec [1]. Then the latter superstring contains a superstring with the same motion and properties as the former, etc., ad infinitum. Since cosmic waves interacts only with the first term of the fractal sequence that alone can possibly be destroyed by it leaving the tail sequence still a generalized nested fractal sequence of superstrings, i.e., a superstring. Thus, the superstring survives each time the first term is destroyed by cosmic wave.
We define the superstring to be non-agitated if its cycle length (CL) is less than 10^(-16) meters, semi-agitated if 10^-16 < CL < 10^-14 meters and agitated or primum, unit of visible matter if 10^-14 meters < CL.
We summarize the conversion of the superstring to its three phases: non-agitated, semi-agitated and agitated (visible) and determine its structure and behavior using the natural laws. All we know initially is that dark matter consists of superstrings. We knew nothing about it at the start except that it was a piece of matter.
Cosmic waves traverse dark matter from all directions. When non-agitated superstring is hit by cosmic wave it gets thrown off and bounces against the other superstrings. When it loses imparted energy, it grinds to a halt as non-agitated superstring. But when it gets near its previous path it is sucked by it, by flux-low-pressure complementarity, and forms a loop. By energy conservation and energy conservation equivalence it evolves to helical, semi-agitated superstring, with the original superstring its toroidal flux traveling at staggering speed along its helical cycles, 7 × 1022 cm/sec [1]. As a superstring, this toroidal flux has toroidal flux, a superstring, etc. Thus, we have a generalized nested fractal sequence of superstrings.
Another possibility is when a non-agitated superstring is hit by cosmic wave its first term as nested fractal sequence expands to a semi-agitated superstring. We summarize the structure of the superstring by the following natural law.
Seemi-superstring Formation. When suitable cosmic wave hits (agitates) a non-agitated superstring one of the following occurs: (a) its first term as nested fractal sequence expands and becomes a semi-agitated superstring with the rest of the sequence its toroidal flux; (b) it is projected into the first term of a new superstring with itself the toroidal flux or loses the energy imparted by the cosmic wave and remains dark.
The next law governs conversion of dark matter to visible matter.
Dark-to-Visible-Matter Conversion. When suitable shock wave hits a semi-agitated superstring one of these occurs: (a) the outer superstring breaks, its flux torus remaining non-agitated superstring; (b) a segment bulges into a primum, unit of visible matter.
While a semi or non-agitated superstring interacts neither with other superstrings nor with visible matter, the primum, being visible, does. Subjected to bombardment by cosmic waves from all directions its toroidal flux is thrust into erratic motion called spike within its neighborhood along the helical cycles [22] and pulls the superstrings around the primum into a vortex flux around its cylindrical eye along its axis at linear speed of 7 x 10^22 cm/sec, much greater than that of light. The vortex flux of a simple primum is measured as charge, its visible or kinetic energy. This makes the primum a magnet, and using the right-hand-rule with the index finger pointing in the direction of the toroidal flux, the thumb points to the north or N-pole of a positive primum like the positron, the anti-matter of the electron and it mirror image with respect to a plane between their equators normal to their common equatorial plane. Viewed from its N-pole, the toroidal and induced flux of the positron are counterclockwise, its charge positive. Naturally, its mirror image or anti-matter, the electron, has clockwise vortex rotation that provides it with negative charge, the unit of charge by convention, -1 or 1.6 × 10^-19 coulombs [22]. Another primum, the positive quark, has charge +2/3 and still another, the negative quark, charge -1/3 [24].
Since the primum and its induced flux are visible matter (the latter detected by its charge) they are affected by centrifugal force. Thus, there is greater concentration of it along the equatorial plane. Then the primum?s profile is pointed sinusoidal arc of high even power of the sinusoidal curve, corresponding to the exponent m of our qualitative-computational model of a primum in flight below, so that the induced vortex flux is also discular like that of a cosmological vortex. This is only one form of duality between macro and quantum gravity.
It is clear that simple primum is charged and since the neutrino is neutral it is a coupled pair of prima of opposite but numerically equal charge, say -q and +q, so that -q +q = 0 and they neutralize each other?s flux and charge. The proton consists of two positive quarks joined by a negative quark at their equators on account of flux compatibility [22] (graphics in [5]). (Energy conservation requires that their axis be coplanar [22]). Thus, the charge of the proton is: 2/3 ? 1/3 + 1/3 = +1. This means that there is a net coherent vortex flux around the cluster with the individual primal fluxes eddies in it. By flux compatibility the electron can attach itself to a positive quark of the proton at any point but energy conservation and energy conservation equivalence require it attaches itself between them beside the negative quark as the most stable position but pushes the negative quark a bit by flux compatibility so that their centers viewed from the N-pole form the vertices of a quadrilateral. In its interior are the coherent vortex fluxes of the positive quarks, negative quark and electron that make it a region of low pressure or depression. By flux low pressure complementarity this interior sucks neutral prima around it since charged prima are repelled by charged prima already in the cluster. Therefore, only suitably light neutral primum fits in and that is the neutrino. Thus, we have just composed the neutron consisting of a proton, electron and neutrino. Its charge is: +2/3 ? 1/3 +2/3 ? 1 + 0 = 0, i.e., neutral, and there is no net coherent vortex flux around it. The vortex flux of a coupled primum is also discular for the same reason as the simple primum?s is. The electron and positive and negative quarks are the basic prima because they are constituent of every atom. They are converted from dark matter to visible matter at enormous rate in the Cosmos and cellular membranes of every living thing, plant or animal [23,26,27].
We conclude this article by sharing the amusement of the superstring. Physicists are still looking for it in the atomic nucleus when it has been staring at us since 1811, the year Ernest Rutherford discovered the electron. As we have seen the electron is a primum, an agitated superstring.
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[3] Escultura, E. E. (1999) Superstring loop dynamics and applications to astronomy and biology, J. Nonlinear Analysis, 35(8), 259 ? 285.
[4] Escultura, E. E. (1999) Recent verification and applications, Proc. 2rd International Conf.: Tools for Mathematical Modeling, St. Petersburg, vol. 4, 74 ? 89.
[5] Escultura, E. E. (2001) From macro to quantum gravity, J. Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems, 7(1), 56 ? 78.
[6] Escultura, E. E. (2001) Quantum gravity, Proc. 3rd International Conference on Dynamic Systems and Applications, Atlanta, 201 ? 208.
[7] Escultura, E. E. (2001) Turbulence: theory, verification and applications, J. Nonlinear Analysis, 47(2001), 5955 ? 5966.
[8] Escultura, E. E. (2001) Vortex Interactions, J. Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems, Vol. 7(2), 30 ? 44.
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[14] Escultura, E. E., The physics of the mind, accepted, The Journal of the Science of Healing Outcome.
[15] Escultura, E. E., The cosmology of our universe, submitted, Problems of Nonlinear Analysis in Engineering Systems.
[16] Escultura, E. E., (2007) Dynamic Modeling and the new mathematics and physics, Neural, Parallel and Scientific Computations, 15(4), 2007, 527 ? 538.
[17] Escultura, E. E., The grand unified theory, contribution to the Felicitation Volume on the occasion of the 85th birth anniversary of Prof. V. Lakshmikantham: Nonlinear Analysis: TMA, 69(3), 2008, 823 ? 831.
[18] Escultura, E. E. The mathematics of the grand unified theory, in pres, Nonlinear Analysis.
[19] Escultura, E. E. Dynamic and mathematical models in physic, Proc. 5th International Conference on Dynamic Systems and Applications, June 30 ? July 5, 2007, Atlanta, 164 ? 169.
[20] Escultura, E. E. (2004) Dynamic Modeling of Chaos and Turbulence, NA, TBA, 63(5-7), e519 ? e532.
[21] Escultura, E. E. The basic concepts and dynamics of quantum gravity with applications, in press, Nonlinear Studies
[22] Escultura, E. E., Qualitative model of the atom, its components and origin in the early universe, in press, Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications.
[23] Escultura, E. E., Genetic alteration, modification and sterilization with applications to the treatment of genetic diseases, accepted, The Journal of the Science of Healing Outcomes.
[24] Gerlovin, I. L. (1990) The Foundations of United Theory of Interactions in a Substance, Leningrad: Energoattomizdat
[25] Lakshmikantham, V., Escultura, E. E. and Leela, S. The Hybrid Grand Unified Theory, Atlantis
(Elsevier Science), 2009, Paris.
[26] Science, Glow reveals early star nurseries, 281(5375), July 1998, 332 ? 333.
[27] Science, (a) Science, Starbirth, gamma blast hint at active early Universe, 282(5395), December, 1998, 1806; (b) Gamma burst promises celestial reprise, 283(5402), January 1999, 616; (c) Powerful cosmic rays tied to far off galaxies, 282(5391), Nov. 1998, 1969 ? 1971 (100 million times reached in largest particle accelerators), 1023.
E. E. Escultura
Research Professor
Lakshmikantham Institute for Advanced Studies and Departments of Mathematics and Physics
GVP College of Engineering, JNT University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India
E-mail: escultur36@gmail.com * URL: http://users.tpg.com.au/pidro/
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